Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Cervix: Case Report and Literature Review

<b>Background and clinical significance</b>: Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the cervix is considered a rare type of cancer: it represents <1% of invasive cervical cancers. The optimal treatment protocol is not fully established because of its rarity and diagnostic challenges. <b>Case Presentation</b>: A 72-year-old Asian female presented to our outpatient clinic with postmenopausal vaginal spotting for 1 month. Vaginal sonography revealed a cervical tumor of 2.7 cm in diameter with hypervascularity. Tumor markers such as CA 125, CA 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen all showed no abnormality. Due to high suspicion of cervical cancer, a pap smear and endocervical curettage were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of LCNEC. A positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan demonstrated a glucose hypermetabolic lesion in the mid-pelvic region, localized to the uterus, consistent with LCNEC. Surgery with radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection was performed. The patient was finally diagnosed with pT1b2N1mi, FIGO IIIC1. Immunohistochemical stain shows that the neoplastic cells were CK (+), p63 (-), p16 (-), CEA (-), vimentin (-), ER (-), WT-1 (-), p53 (-), and CD56 (+), with a high Ki67 index (75%). Concurrent chemotherapy with cisplatin and radiotherapy was performed. Four cycles of etoposide and cisplatin were planned. A 3-month follow-up of this patient revealed stable tumor marker levels. <b>Conclusions</b>: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and aggressive nature of LCNEC of the cervix, emphasizing the need for a standardized treatment approach to improve patient outcomes.