Protective Effects of Hesperidin and Salicylic Acid on Lemna minor L. Exposed to Evercion Yellow Textile Dye

Hesperidin (HES) is a flavonone glycoside from the flavonoid family that is present in citrus species. It has potent anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. In times of stress, the phenolic chemical salicylic acid (SA), also known as a plant hormone, functions as a signal molecule, controlling the plant's reaction and maintaining its survival. For the removal of numerous harmful chemicals, phytoremediation, sometimes referred to as green reclamation, is an efficient, affordable, environmentally benign, and simple procedure. Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) is an important bioindicator species in phytoremediation study. Following the application of 75 ppm, 150 ppm, and 300 ppm reactive dye Evercion yellow 1X, the effects of 0.5 mM SA and 0.5 mM hesperidin on duckweed (L. minor L.) were examined in this study. The use of 0.5 mM SA against stress boosted the activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Additionally, total glutathione (GSH), total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were altered by SA treatment. Similar to the SA application, the application of HES was effective in lowering stress. Lipid peroxidation content measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found to be higher than the control groups. Results suggest that SA plays a positive role in L. minor against Evercion yellow 1X.