Review on fish Polyculture practices: Sustainability, innovations and challenges

Livestock farming, particularly aquaculture, is a crucial source of livelihood in Indian villages, playing a significant role in the national economy through fishery and dairy management. India holds the position of the second-largest producer of freshwater inland fisheries globally, with substantial annual fish production recorded. This review delves the intricacies of monoculture and polyculture practices in aquaculture. Polyculture which involves simultaneous cultivation of multiple aquatic species in a common pond, optimizes resource use by taking advantage of the complementary feeding habits and habitats of different species. The benefits of polyculture include increased fish production without the need for additional land and improved ecological and economic sustainability. The specific combination of fish species, such as Indian major carps with common carp enhances overall yield. The introduction of non-native species, despite their market demand, can disrupt local ecosystems and reduce biodiversity. Conversly, indigenous species, on the other hand, offer a reliable source of protein and micronutrients. This review explores global polyculture practices, highlighting successful implementations. Effective polyculture management involves balancing species ratios, stocking densities, and maintaining optimal environmental conditions to maximize production while preserving ecological harmony. Overall, polyculture stands out as a sustainable aquaculture practice that can significantly enhance fish production and economic returns for farmers, as long as its challenges are addressed effectively through scientific and strategic interventions.