Data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry proteomic insights into nutritional metabolism of <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> exposed to <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> D1813, varied salinity, and dissolved oxygen

Abstract The study aims to investigate the data-independent acquisition (DIA)-proteomics-based nutritional metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to Lactococcus lactis D1813, salinity (8% and 25%), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (8.5 and 3.5 mg/L). The results identified sixty differentially expressed proteins in Huang, Wei, and T3BS groups. Among shrimp groups, the Huang group exhibited the upregulation in aspartate aminotransferase, cystathionine beta-synthase, serine hydroxymethyl transferase, phosphoglycerate mutase, and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, at salinity and DO of 8% and 8.5 mg/L. Also, the Huang group showed the highest protein expression levels associated with inorganic ion transport and metabolism. Additionally, the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed significantly enriched pathways for amino acids, nucleotides, and sphingolipids metabolism pathways in the Huang group. The findings suggest that L. lactis D1813 supplementation at 8% salinity and 8.5 mg/L DO enhances its proteomic profile, improving its nutritional characterisation and supporting sustainable aquaculture practices and seafood production.