Advancements in Targeting Biofilm-Associated Infections: Novel Therapeutic Approaches and Challenges

Biofilm development is a prevalent process where microbial colonies attach to surfaces and generate an extracellular matrix, leading to the genesis of persistent infections. Biofilms in clinical settings are associated with chronic infections that are difficult to cure due to their resistance to both antimicrobial drugs and host immune responses. This review investigates the phases and molecular mechanisms of biofilm development, focusing on the factors that promote the survival of biofilm-associated bacteria. It investigates the role of biofilms in chronic infections including cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, chronic sinusitis, and implant infections. Additionally, it examines the underlying processes of biofilm resistance to antibiotics, including slower diffusion of antimicrobial drugs, altered bacterial physiology, gene expression alterations, and quorum sensing. The review also considers options for combating biofilm-related infections, such as inhibiting biofilm formation, enzymatic destruction of the biofilm matrix, bacteriophage therapy, nanoparticle usage, antibiotic combinations, and host immunological modulation. Understanding biofilm formation and its implications in chronic infections is critical for developing effective therapies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.