Overexpression of ABCA1 in Carotid Endothelium of Hyperlipidemic Rabbits Modulates Vascular Inflammation

Endothelial activation and dysfunction are key early steps in atherogenesis. Vascular gene therapy targeting endothelial inflammation and cholesterol accumulation could decrease atherosclerosis progression. ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and promotes cholesterol efflux. A mouse model showed that systemic endothelial overexpression of ABCA1 decreased diet-induced atherosclerosis. To test if local ABCA1 endothelial overexpression protects against atherosclerosis, we used helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAd) to express ABCA1 or a "Null" control in the carotid endothelium of hyperlipidemic rabbits. Both <i>ABCA1</i> mRNA and endothelial protein were increased 3 days after vector infusion. After 24 weeks on a high-fat diet, laser-microdissected endothelium showed increased <i>ABCA1</i> mRNA expression, but whole-vessel <i>ABCA1</i> mRNA was decreased with HDAdABCA1. Endothelial ABCA1 protein could not be measured at 24 weeks, so its overexpression may be transient. <i>CD68</i> expression was decreased (-23%, <i>p</i> < 0.001), but <i>ITGAM</i> (-15%, <i>p</i> = 0.3) was unchanged. Macrophage markers for both M1-like macrophages (<i>IL1B</i>: -44% [<i>p</i> = 0.02]; <i>IL6</i>: -40% [<i>p</i> = 0.02]; <i>CCL2</i>: -25% [<i>p</i> = 0.02]) and M2-like macrophages (<i>ARG1</i>: -27% [<i>p</i> = 0.03]; <i>IL10</i>: -23% [<i>p</i> = 0.09]; <i>TGFB1</i>: -13% [<i>p</i> < 0.001]) were also decreased. The inflammatory cytokines <i>IL6</i> (-100%; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and <i>TNF</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05) were significantly decreased in the laser-microdissected endothelium, but <i>VCAM1</i> (+5%, <i>p</i> = 1.0) was unchanged and <i>ICAM1</i> (+101%; <i>p</i> = 0.03) increased. Lesion size, intimal lipid, and intimal macrophage content were all unchanged (<i>p</i> > 0.5 for all), and vascular cholesterol measured by mass spectrometry (-11%; <i>p</i> = 0.9) also showed no difference. There was a small decrease in the intimal/medial ratio. scRNAseq revealed that vector transcripts were not restricted to endothelial cells after 24+ weeks but were detected in most cell types. The exception was modulated smooth muscle cells, which were found in substantial numbers in larger lesions. Overall, transient overexpression of ABCA1 in the vascular endothelium subtly alters the expression of inflammatory markers, providing only a modest atheroprotection.