One Stone, Two Birds Strategy for Synthesized Metallic Bi-Doped ZnWO₄-Enriched Oxygen Defection for Enhancing Marine Bacterial Inactivation

Deactivating the concentration of marine microorganisms is suitable and proper for ballast water treatment. In here, a promising strategy has been presented to create massive oxygen vacancies synergistic with metallic Bi nanoparticles on ZnWO4 for inactivating marine bacteria in seawater, demonstrating that the paramount incorporation of metallic Bi nanoparticles and 2BZWO (Bi/ZnWO4) samples exhibits superior photocatalytic sterilization, in which the sterilization efficiency of 2BZWO is 2.83 times that of pure ZnWO4. The co-incorporation of metallic Bi nanoparticles and oxygen vacancies significantly enhanced the absorption of visible light and enrichment of the photogenerated electrons, promoting the separation of charge carriers. Moreover, first-principles calculations demonstrate that the coeffect of metallic Bi nanoparticles and oxygen vacancies guided the reconfiguration of the active sites and electrons flowing direction. Results from this study provide a creative strategy on controllable Bi/ZnWO4 synthesis to manipulate the photocatalytic inactivation of marine bacteria.