Nasopharyngoscopic Velopharyngeal Port Function Assessment: A Randomized Comparative Trial of 3D-Printed Versus Ready-Made Models

The low-cost, 3D-printed endoscopy training model was found to be as effective as the high-cost, ready-made model in improving students' self-confidence and proficiency in nasopharyngoscopic velopharyngeal port assessment. This finding suggests that 3D-printed models can be a viable and cost-effective alternative for simulation-based education in speech-language pathology programs, particularly in resource-limited settings.