A PSO-Based Approach for the Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Parking Lots to the Electricity Distribution Network

Electric vehicles can serve as controllable loads, storing energy during off-peak periods and acting as generation units during peak periods or periods with high electricity prices. They function as distributed generation resources within distribution systems, requiring controlled charging and discharging of batteries. In this paper, we address the problem of the optimal allocation of parking lots within a distribution system to efficiently supply electric vehicle loads. The goal is to determine the best capacity and size of parking lots to meet peak hour demands while considering constraints on the permanent operation of the distribution system. Using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the study maximizes total benefits, taking into account network parameters, vehicle data, and market prices. Results show that installing parking lots could be economically profitable for distribution companies and could improve voltage profiles.