Active control of the toroidal dipole and quasi-bound state in the continuum based on the symmetric and asymmetric hybrid dumbbell aperture arrays

Metasurfaces offer innovative approaches for manipulating electromagnetic waves at subwavelength scales. Recent advancements have focused on toroidal dipole (TD) and quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC) modes, which are particularly attractive due to their capacity to enhance light-matter interaction. However, most metasurfaces with TD and quasi-BIC modes exhibit passive electromagnetic responses after fabrication, limiting their practical applications. This study presents both numerical and experimental investigations that demonstrate the active control of TD and quasi-BIC modes through the integration of symmetric and asymmetric aluminum dumbbell aperture arrays with the phase-change material Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST). The symmetric hybrid dumbbell aperture array shows a pronounced TD response within the terahertz frequency range. In contrast, modifying the geometric parameters to disrupt the structural symmetry induces a quasi-BIC mode in the asymmetric hybrid dumbbell aperture array. Furthermore, as GST undergoes a phase transition from its amorphous to crystalline state, both TD and quasi-BIC modes become dynamically tunable, driven by changes in the conductivity of GST. Notably, significant modulation of the transmitted terahertz wave occurs around the frequencies corresponding to the TD and quasi-BIC modes during the GST phase transition. Symmetric and asymmetric hybrid dumbbell aperture arrays provide a versatile platform for generating tunable TD and quasi-BIC modes, with promising applications in terahertz modulators and filters.