Utilisation of wood stove fuels produced by washing and torrefaction of short rotation coppice willow grown on contaminated land

• Willow SRC grown on ex-colliery site was contaminated in Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr. • Washing removes some level of contamination via leaching and/or fines removal. • Washing before torrefaction helps mitigate the concentration of inorganics in the char. • Washed willow delivers lower CO and PM emissions on combustion but higher NOx. • Despite a 26% decrease in Zn, washed torrefied willow does not meet the ISO standard. Short Rotation Coppice Willow is widely used for the phytoremediation of land contaminated with toxic metals. The problem that arises is whether the contaminated willow can be used as a feedstock for combustion applications or chemical processing. Thus, washing and torrefaction processes have been used to examine the possibility of improving the quality of the wood. Here combustion studies in a 5 kW wood stove have been undertaken of briquettes made (without a binder to prevent contamination) from compressed raw chipped unwashed and washed wood; it was not possible to study the torrefied wood in this way because briquettes would not form without a binder. Measurements were made of emissions of CO, NOx, particulate matter and bottom ash, and some partitioning of species to particulate was also examined. Water washing at room temperature for 20 min saw a 28 % reduction in wt% ash, and many inorganic species were partially removed by leaching, by fines removal or a through a mixture of both mechanisms. This resulted in different combustion behaviour for the washed fuel, particularly ignition, where higher tar formation resulted in a pre-flaming smoulder. Nevertheless, the briquettes from the washed willow achieved higher peak burning rates, shorter combustion times and hotter flue gas temperatures. This led to lower CO and PM emissions, although NO emissions increased. As a general trend, washing prior to torrefaction helped to mitigate the concentration of ash/inorganic species in the willow that is normally observed. Despite a 26 % decrease in Zn concentrations in the washed, torrefied willow, levels were still higher than dictated by the ISO standard. Further optimisation could easily rectify this but the issue around disposal of contaminated leachate remains a challenge.