Modelling Matured mRNA for Gene Expression Using Residue Number System

The recent computing power and developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning have shifted research attention to the relevance of ascribing digital and computational ability to bioinformatics. Prior to developing into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA) that controls protein synthesis, the first ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcribed from a gene's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) template in most eukaryotes and some prokaryotic species must undergo processing. While processing mRNA, certain non-coding sections, introns, are excised, and the final, known as exons or coding regions, remain and are spliced to form mature mRNA. Number systems form the foundation for digital applications and there has been no known digital or computational model that has focused on RNS’ ability to model the matured messenger RNA train. The binary number system has served as the foundation for several digital and bioinformatics models. As there are only four (4) nitrogenous bases, applications based on a quaternary number system are desired for molecular biology. The excision of introns occurs at conserved sequences and the splicing of exons at exon junctions. The conserved sequences are modelled as sequences of RNS digits. In the lariat formation, the conserved sequence links up with a branch point to form a stop codon at the neck of the lariat. During splicing, the exon junctions of the preceding exons are spliced with the start base of the succeeding exon, and these are modelled as di-bases. This enables an easy and simple RNS modelling of intron excision and exon splicing processes. This technique is well-structured algorithmically within the RNS space, reinforcing experts' claim for a quaternary number system for molecular biological applications.