Normalization Methods in Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. After several trials, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations. Thus, no dimension mismatch problems were observed. In this report, we describe the normalization methods in our algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Our redefinition method is a part of the normalization in the algorithms. Furthermore, the definitions of the gravitational constant are discussed.

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of Modern Physics
Published
2025-01-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2025.163022
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.31
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article

Normalization Methods in Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Tomofumi Miyashita
2 citations
Journal of Modern Physics
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
2.31
article

Normalization Methods in Algorithms for Empirical Equations in Terms of the Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Tomofumi Miyashita
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (Tc) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10−11 m3∙kg−1∙s−2, respectively. Every equation can be explained numerically in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λe), the Compton length of a proton (λp) and α. After several trials, we describe the algorithms used to explain these equations. Thus, no dimension mismatch problems were observed. In this report, we describe the normalization methods in our algorithms used to explain these equations in detail. Our redefinition method is a part of the normalization in the algorithms. Furthermore, the definitions of the gravitational constant are discussed.

Journal of Modern PhysicsVol. 16(03)
Osaka Nishi Clinic (JP)
Climate action
Openalex Percentile: Top 13%
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
2.31
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