The Role of Mulching in Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency

The global human population has exceeded 7.7 billion and continues to grow steadily. This population increase demands a corresponding rise in food production and nutritional resources. Over time, the rise in global temperatures caused by climate change has affected both energy consumption and water availability. To address these challenges, the development of eco-friendly farming methods is crucial for sustainable food production. One effective method is soil mulching, which involves covering the soil with materials like straw or plastic. Black plastic mulch, the most commonly used, and straw mulch have shown significant benefits. Mulching helps conserve water and soil, enriches the soil with organic matter and nutrients (from straw, compost, or wood), regulates soil temperature, boosts biological activity, improves the microclimate, and reduces weeds, diseases, and insect pests. While black plastic mulch offers superior weed control and water conservation, it is costlier and leaves residues in the soil. In contrast, straw mulch is more affordable, readily available, and residue-free. Biodegradable mulches made from starch or other degradable polymers offer an excellent alternative to plastic mulch, combining environmental sustainability with practicality. This review compiles insights into how various types of mulches influence soil conditions and the growth, yield, and quality of plants. Inorganic mulches have shown greater benefits for soil health and crop productivity compared to organic mulches. However, organic mulches are more affordable, widely accessible, and environmentally sustainable. Effective mulch application, customized to specific climates, crop varieties, and farming practices, is crucial for optimizing yields. Future research should investigate how organic mulches affect microclimates, plant physiological processes, product quality, and economic feasibility.