Development of Sustainable Animal Feed (SAF) with Application of Agricultural Waste Material

Utilising waste materials from food and agricultural facilities for the production of animal feed is a viable and environmentally-friendly practice. This endeavour serves as a resolution to address the problem of the volatile increase in the cost of animal feed. In order to align with the animal's growth, the animal feed for this sensible initiative must have a substantial amount of raw protein (CP%) and raw fibre (CF%). The study utilised response surface methodology with a mixture design to obtain a blend of waste cooked rice (WCR) %w/w, sago dregs (SD) %w/w, and kenaf seed dregs (KSD) %w/W. This was done to produce a final product with high CP% and CF% values. This product is manufactured through a process that exclusively involves the mixing and cooling of ingredients. The findings indicated that the combination of WCR at a concentration of 0.18%w/w, SD at a concentration of 0.40%w/w, and KSD at a concentration of 0.42%w/w resulted in the highest values of CP% and CF%, measuring at 11.53 ± 0.02%W/w and 9.89 ± 0.02%W/w, respectively. The data acquired in this investigation is of an in vitro nature, and it is imperative to obtain in vivo data in order to assess the efficacy of the generated products.