Problems of Legislative Consolidation of the Duty of Proof and the Presumption of Innocence in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation

The paper analyzes the method of legislative consolidation of the duty of proof in the norm, revealing the content of the presumption of innocence. The provisions of Part 2 of Article 14 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are assessed as not fully consistent with the essence of criminal procedural evidence. The author substantiates the failure of the legislator’s use of the term «burden of proof» in this norm, which is not synonymous with the concept of «duty of proof». Attention is drawn to the fact that the concept of «burden of proof», reflecting proof only in a logical aspect, does not cover the process of forming criminal procedural evidence. In the author’s opinion, the use of the concept of the «burden of proof of the charge» would be justified to some extent if part 2 of Article 14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation concerned only the stage of the trial, since the function of the prosecution in its pure form is implemented only in court. The strict connection of this concept with the concept of «accusation» is especially critically assessed. Based on a comparative legal analysis, a number of advantages of the criminal procedure legislation of some neighboring countries have been identified, both in terms of the method chosen by the legislator of these countries to reflect the duty of proof in it, and in terms of the methodological approach to its implementation. Specific recommendations are made to the legislator on improving legislation by excluding Part 2 of Article 14 from the Code of Criminal Procedure and adding Part 2 to Article 85 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which establishes the duty of proof.