Biochemical Modulation by Moringa oleifera: Impact on Cytokine Dynamics, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Health in Rabbits

Moringa oleifera, a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals, exerts significant immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This study investigated its influence on cytokine dynamics, oxidative stress markers, and metabolic health. Forty weaned rabbits were assigned to diets containing 0%, 1%, 2%, or 4% Moringa oleifera powder for 10 weeks. Cytokine profiling revealed an reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) alongside an increase in IL-10, indicating a chemically balanced immune response. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity was observed, with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels, coupled with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), reflecting mitigated oxidative stress. Metabolic analysis demonstrated reduced glucose and cholesterol concentrations, suggesting improved lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis, while total protein levels increased, indicating enhanced protein metabolism. Hematological assessments showed higher white blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels, correlating with improved immune resilience. Growth performance parameters, including body weight gain and feed conversion ratio, exhibited marked improvements, signifying optimized nutrient utilization. These findings underscore the biochemical role of Moringa oleifera in modulating immune responses, scavenging reactive oxygen species, and improving metabolic equilibrium. Its supplementation presents a promising strategy for enhancing physiological homeostasis and productivity in rabbits through targeted biochemical pathways.