Towards a Cholera-Free Nigeria: Epidemiological Profile, Diagnostic Approaches, Vaccine Implementation, Challenges and Strategic Framework for Enhanced Coverage

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, poses a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, exacerbated by inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and socio-economic factors. The country has experienced recurrent outbreaks, indicating a pressing need for effective management and control strategies. This narrative review aims to explore the epidemiological profile of cholera in Nigeria, assess diagnostic approaches, evaluate vaccination strategies, and address the challenges hindering cholera control efforts. The methodology involved systematically searching and selecting relevant articles from three major databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2011 and 2024. The search was limited to English-language articles to ensure accessibility and understanding of the content. Exclusion criteria eliminated non-English articles and those unrelated to the country's context. Relevant information was extracted from each selected article. The extracted data were synthesized narratively to identify findings on cholera epidemiological profile, management, challenges, and policy recommendations. The review highlights the importance of effective diagnostic methods, including culture and molecular techniques, yet identifies persistent challenges like limited laboratory capacity and delayed reporting. Vaccination strategies, particularly oral cholera vaccines (OCVs), have been implemented, but barriers such as supply chain issues and public acceptance remain significant obstacles. To achieve a cholera-free Nigeria, a strategic framework emphasizing strengthened surveillance systems, improved water and sanitation facilities, expanded vaccination coverage, enhanced community awareness, and stakeholder collaboration is essential. Addressing the root causes of cholera is crucial for reducing its burden and promoting public health resilience in Nigeria.