Recent synthesis approaches and applications scope of microbiologically synthesized nanoparticles

Nanoparticles represent a recent field of study and research in many areas of life, like diagnostics, healthcare, electronics, engineering, drug delivery, food, transport, telecommunication, environmental protection, & many other fields. There are physical, chemical, and biological approaches for nanoparticles formation, however, biological, or green approaches are favored since they are non-toxic, eco-friendly, and reliable methods. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is done by plants and microbes. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles is superior to synthesis by plants for many reasons since they grow quickly, capable of growing at room temperature, pressure and pH, and easiness of cultivation. The bioproduced nanoparticles have numerous uses in different areas, for example the medicinal field as drug and gene delivery agents, cancer therapy, gene therapy, tissue engineering, antibacterial agents, and many other applications. Nanoparticles can also be exploited in food and agriculture such as postharvest management, animal health, food packaging, and pesticides. Additionally, nanoparticles can be used in electronics such as the printed electronics which use functional inks containing nanoparticles, as well as in the environment for bioremediation, water treatment, pollution monitoring sensors, and other uses. The present review article investigates recent nanoparticles synthesis approaches using microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, and viruses. This review article also discusses the different uses of nanoparticles, in addition to some of the current remarks in the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles to increase its accuracy, reproducibility, and productivity to be suitable for large scale production.