Nanoparticle-driven stress alleviation: exploring the roles of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in plant abiotic stress management

Abstract Nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in reducing the negative impacts of abiotic stress on plants and improving agricultural productivity. Temperature, salt, drought, and heavy metals can hinder plant growth and crop yields. Nanoparticles, mainly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been found to enhance plant resilience and mitigate stress by affecting physiological and molecular processes. Studies have shown that nanoparticles can improve plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant production. They can also enhance nutrient absorption, regulate osmotic balance, and activate plant defense mechanisms. Nanoparticles like zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon (Si), and iron oxide (FeO) have been effective in mitigating salt stress. In contrast, manganese (Mg) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles have shown promise in alleviating drought stress. Additionally, nanoparticles have been found to reduce heavy metal toxicity and enhance plant heat stress tolerance. However, using nanoparticles in agriculture requires careful consideration of their potential risks and environmental impact. Nanoparticles provide a promising opportunity for enhancing crop resilience and sustainable agricultural practices in the face of climate change and food security challenges. By leveraging nanotechnology, we can improve farm productivity and secure food resources for future generations. Graphical abstract