Fungal Sinusitis Spreading to the Sellar Region Mimicking a Pituitary Tumor: Case Report and Literature Review

Chronic fungal sinusitis (FS) can cause bone erosion and extend to the sellar region, often misdiagnosed as pituitary tumors or malignancies. We report a 56-year-old immunocompetent female with sphenoid FS presenting as a giant sellar mass compressing the optic chiasm, with normal pituitary function. The surgery successfully resolved her symptoms, and a histological examination confirmed the presence of a fungal hyphal mass. We conducted a literature review of 52 publications on FS cases with bone erosion and inflammatory extension to the sellar region, which included analyses of 67 patients (35 females, mean age 49.6 years, half immunocompetent). The most common symptom was headache (73.1%), followed by visual complaints (71.7%), visual deterioration (40.3%), ophthalmoplegia (38.8%), and visual field defects (13.4%). Symptom duration averaged 4.5 months in 65.7% of cases. <i>Aspergillus</i> was the most frequent (71.6%). Hormonal abnormalities included hypopituitarism (25.4%) and hyperprolactinemia (13.4%). Surgery was performed in 92.5% of patients. Common diagnoses included pituitary abscess (41.8%), fungal granuloma (16.4%), aspergillosis (16.4%) and allergic FS (14.9%). Antifungal therapy was administered in 53.7% of cases. Cure was achieved in 67.2%, while the mortality rate was 10.4%. Early recognition of fungal involvement, supported by a multidisciplinary approach, is essential for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This highlights the need for vigilance to improve the outcomes in similar cases.