Design of Double Integral Sliding Mode Controller for Energy Storage System of a Novel Multisource Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The swift depletion of oil, natural gas, and fossil fuels caused by their excessive use serves as a strong motivation to seek potential alternatives. Emissions from traditional vehicles are unhealthy and include greenhouse gases. Therefore, various studies have been carried out on hybrid electric vehicles powered by fuel cells to overcome the problems of depleting natural resources and emissions of harmful gases. In this study, the proposed model consists of four sources: a fuel cell, a solar panel, a battery, and a supercapacitor. The fuel cell is the primary source while the remaining sources are secondary sources. DC converters are used to link the sources to the ssDC bus. A double integral sliding mode non-linear controller is designed and formulated for the hybrid energy storage system. The system’s overall stability has been ensured using Lyapunov criteria. The proposed model simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink 2024b to verify the controller’s performance. The results obtained authenticate stability, robustness, and efficient performance under various dynamic conditions while tracking the DC reference bus voltage of 400V.