Khadin Rainwater Harvesting: A Historical and Ecological Perspective on Sustainable Agriculture in Arid Zone of Rajasthan

In the arid landscape of Western Rajasthan, where erratic and minimal rainfall (<250 mm annually) presents significant challenges to sustainable water management and soil moisture conservation, the Khadin system—a traditional rainwater harvesting technique developed by the Paliwal Brahmins in the 15th century in Jaisalmer—offers an enduring, nature-based solution. Combining environmental conservation with enhanced soil and water management, Khadin exemplifies indigenous resilience in arid agriculture. The Khadin system consists of a long earthen embankment constructed across gently sloping terrain, designed to capture and retain surface runoff from adjacent rocky catchments. This trapped water percolates into the soil, enriching it with moisture and nutrients, enabling the rainfed cultivation of Rabi crops such as wheat, barley, chickpea, and mustard. Beyond its agricultural utility, Khadin significantly enhances groundwater recharge (35-50%), improves soil fertility, and mitigates salinity (20-30%), making it a holistic ecological system. This study explores the historical evolution, geographical distribution, and environmental significance of the Khadin system through an interdisciplinary lens, emphasizing its role as a community-driven conservation practice. Additionally, it evaluates Khadin’s relevance in addressing contemporary challenges such as water scarcity, desertification, and climate variability. The paper argues for the revival and policy integration of Khadin as a sustainable water management strategy, advocating for modern adaptations, including GIS-based catchment optimization and agroforestry integration. Revisiting the environmental history of Khadin aims to bridge traditional knowledge with modern conservation frameworks, reinforcing its importance in India and beyond.