Modeling of a continuous superradiant laser on the sub-mHz <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:

Continuous superradiance using a narrow optical transition has the potential to improve the short-term stability of state-of-the-art optical clocks. Even though pulsed superradiant emission on a <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><a:mi>mHz</a:mi></a:math> linewidth clock transition has been shown, true continuous operation, without Fourier limitation, has turned out to be extremely challenging. The trade-off between maintaining a high atomic flux while minimizing decoherence effects presents a significant obstacle. Here, we discuss the design of a machine that could overcome this problem by combining a high-flux continuous beam of ultracold strontium atoms with a bowtie cavity for the generation of superradiant lasing. To evaluate the feasibility of our design, we present simulation results for continuous high-efficiency cooling, loading, and pumping to the upper lasing state inside the bowtie cavity. We then present two different models for simulating the generated superradiant field by taking into account position-dependent shifts, collisional decoherence, light shifts, and atom loss. Finally, we estimate a laser linewidth of less than <b:math xmlns:b="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><b:mrow><b:mn>100</b:mn><b:mspace width="3.33333pt"/><b:mi>mHz</b:mi></b:mrow></b:math>, limited by atom number fluctuations, resulting in an output power of hundreds of <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><d:mi>fW</d:mi></d:math>.

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Publication Details

Journal
Physical Review Research
Published
2025-03-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.7.013292
Citations
4
Primary Topic
Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
4.99

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article

Modeling of a continuous superradiant laser on the sub-mHz <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:

Georgy A. Kazakov, Ananya Sitaram, Shayne Bennetts, Swadheen Dubey et al.
4 citations
Physical Review Research
Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
4.99
article

Modeling of a continuous superradiant laser on the sub-mHz <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:

Georgy A. Kazakov, Ananya Sitaram, Shayne Bennetts, Swadheen Dubey, Stefan Alaric Schäffer, Florian Schreck, Sheng Zhou, Benedikt Heizenreder
article en
4 citations

Abstract

Continuous superradiance using a narrow optical transition has the potential to improve the short-term stability of state-of-the-art optical clocks. Even though pulsed superradiant emission on a <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><a:mi>mHz</a:mi></a:math> linewidth clock transition has been shown, true continuous operation, without Fourier limitation, has turned out to be extremely challenging. The trade-off between maintaining a high atomic flux while minimizing decoherence effects presents a significant obstacle. Here, we discuss the design of a machine that could overcome this problem by combining a high-flux continuous beam of ultracold strontium atoms with a bowtie cavity for the generation of superradiant lasing. To evaluate the feasibility of our design, we present simulation results for continuous high-efficiency cooling, loading, and pumping to the upper lasing state inside the bowtie cavity. We then present two different models for simulating the generated superradiant field by taking into account position-dependent shifts, collisional decoherence, light shifts, and atom loss. Finally, we estimate a laser linewidth of less than <b:math xmlns:b="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><b:mrow><b:mn>100</b:mn><b:mspace width="3.33333pt"/><b:mi>mHz</b:mi></b:mrow></b:math>, limited by atom number fluctuations, resulting in an output power of hundreds of <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><d:mi>fW</d:mi></d:math>.

Physical Review ResearchVol. 7(1)
TU Wien (AT), University of Amsterdam (NL)
European Commission
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 5%
Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
4.99
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