Pluggable and embedded optics: capacity and rate support

Review is made of standardized 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 electrical-lane form factors for pluggable optical transceivers, on-board optics, or co-packaged optics. This includes SFP, SFP-DD, QSFP, QSFP-DD/OSFP, COBO, and OIF CPO. The electrical-lane support and thus Gb/s capacity is covered. This includes 10G, 25G, 50G, 100G, and 200G. Some coverage is also made of thermal management. Use of these form factors for implementation of optical Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 or MSA based) is covered including cases of multiple interfaces within a high-capacity form factor, which is known as breakout. Critical aspects that enable host "plug and play" are reviewed with particular coverage of the host-to-module electrical interface and its management by host software. Review is made of the use of the Common Management Interface Specification (CMIS) to manage the growing number of different rates of Ethernet and their different reaches. This includes both intensity-modulated direct-detect (IMDD) optics and coherent optics.