A Molecular Communication Perspective of Alzheimer’s Disease: Impact of Amyloid Beta Oligomers on Glutamate Diffusion in the Synaptic Cleft

Molecular communication (MC) within the synaptic cleft is vital for neurotransmitter diffusion, a process critical to cognitive functions. In Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), beta-amyloid oligomers (A<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>os) disrupt this communication, leading to synaptic dysfunction. This paper investigates the molecular interactions between glutamate, a key neurotransmitter, and A<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>os within the synaptic cleft, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this disruption. Through stochastic modeling, we simulate the dynamics of A<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>os and their impact on glutamate diffusion. The findings, validated by comparing simulated results with existing experimental data, demonstrate that A<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>os serve as physical obstacles, hindering glutamate movement and increasing collision frequency. This impairment of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is further validated against known molecular interaction behaviors observed in similar neurodegenerative contexts. The study also explores potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate these disruptions. By enhancing our understanding of these molecular interactions, this research contributes to the development of more effective treatments for AD, with the ultimate goal of alleviating synaptic impairments associated with the disease.