Exploring anthrax risk and prevention: A One Health approach for assessment of human, animal, and environmental interactions

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Objectives</h3> Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>, a spore-forming bacterium that can infect both animals and humans. As a part of the One Health approach to eliminate human anthrax in an endemic district in Odisha, India. This baseline survey investigates knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding anthrax and identifies risky behavior prior to intervention implementation. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3132 respondents (1560 from Koraput and 1572 from Sundargarh) by using a multistage random sampling method. Data were gathered through structured interviews focusing on socio-demographics, livestock ownership, and KAP related to anthrax prevention and management. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with anthrax knowledge. <h3>Results</h3> Significant knowledge gaps were identified, with only 12.14 % of respondents in Koraput and 7.96 % in Sundargarh aware of anthrax. Knowledge of symptoms, transmission, and prevention was low across both districts. Misconceptions regarding vaccination were prevalent, and risky practices, such as consuming potentially infected meat, were common. Regression analysis indicated that education and age are significant predictors of anthrax knowledge. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The study identifies critical knowledge gaps and risky practices related to anthrax in the Sundargarh and Koraput districts. Targeted educational campaigns and enhanced veterinary services are needed to mitigate anthrax risk and improve public health based on the One Health approach.