Evaluating digital transformation readiness in prefabricated construction supply chains: A multi-level model and fairness-aware optimization approach

Prefabricated construction is revolutionizing the industry by promoting efficiency and sustainability through off-site manufacturing and on-site assembly. Despite its potential, the digital transformation of prefabricated construction supply chains (PCSCs) has not kept pace with Industry 4.0 advancements, resulting in fragmented information and operational inefficiencies. Even more, limited attention has been paid to establishing both a well-structured readiness model for PCSC digital transformation and an actionable assessment framework. This study addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive, multi-level readiness model tailored specifically for PCSCs, encompassing dimensions of technology, strategy, partnership, and personnel. To accurately evaluate digital transformation readiness, we propose a fairness-aware bi-objective optimization model that aggregates probabilistic expert opinions while considering individual behavioral factors related to fairness concerns. The model was applied in a case study of a PCSC project, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. Results validated the model’s capability to provide a robust readiness assessment , identifying critical areas for improvement and offering actionable insights for stakeholders. This research fills a critical gap in the literature by providing practical guidance for PCSCs embarking on their digital transformation journey. The proposed framework serves as a valuable tool for organizations seeking to transition to digital supply chains by addressing both technical and managerial aspects of digital transformation.