Deciphering star formation dynamics with coupled

Abstract We investigate the effects of coupled ϕ CDM on cosmic structure formation, focusing on the evolution of star formation and dark matter halos. Using the coupled ϕ CDM model, we analyze the coupling between dark energy and dark matter and its impact on the universe's expansion. Our results indicate that interaction modifies the mass accretion rate of halos and the overall star formation rate, leading to a slower expansion compared to the ΛCDM model. The interaction term significantly influences the scale factor evolution and density perturbations. Initially, structure formation is suppressed due to enhanced expansion, but later growth resumes as energy exchange alters gravitational collapse. The Press-Schechter formalism reveals a transition from mass loss to mass gain in halos, affecting star formation rates at different scales. Our findings suggest that interacting dark energy models provide a dynamic framework for understanding cosmic evolution, with implications for future cosmological studies.