Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM): a versatile label-free multimodal imaging tool, review and perspectives

The upcoming era of biological imaging moves towards methods that ensure the integrity of living systems while providing resolution and detail. Label-free methods offer a powerful alternative allowing a real-time observation of biological specimens without the need for exogenous agents, thereby preserving the natural states of cellular phenomena. Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy (FPM) stands out for its ability to generate stain-free high-resolution phase-contrast images over a wide field of view, appearing particularly suitable for high-throughput imaging of complex biological samples, such as tissues and cellular ensembles. FPM relies on the principles of multiplexed illumination and computational reconstruction to achieve high-throughput imaging with submicron resolution, enabling detailed visualization of cellular structures and tissue architecture. As the demand for label-free and scalable imaging techniques grows, FPM offers a compelling alternative to conventional methods. Here, we explore the technical foundations, current applications, and future perspectives of FPM, which addresses key challenges in both research and clinical applications. Besides, FPM potential for system miniaturization and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) make it a promising candidate for being an integrative and complementary tool into clinical practice. As FPM continues to evolve in combination with AI strategies, it guarantees not only research advancements in cellular and tissue biology but also noninvasive and real-time imaging in clinical settings, paving the way for future diagnostic and therapeutic applications.