Unraveling structure-process-property relationships of 3D/4D two-photon laser printed polymer microstructures

Two-photon 3D laser printing has been established as an excellent tool for precise micro- and nanoscale fabrication with applications in a wide range of fields. The properties of 3D printed microstructures strongly depend on material formulation and printing parameters. Comprehensive understanding and systematic characterization methods are crucial for successful integration of the developed materials into real-world applications. The lack of standardized procedures and control of the (macro)molecular architecture of the printing formulations remains a challenge. In recent studies, we demonstrate that the combination of defined (macro)molecular printable materials and systematic characterization methods at the microscale is critical for materials design.