Optimizing grid-connected photovoltaic systems for residential buildings in Jeddah: a path toward sustainable urban energy solutions

Abstract This study evaluates the feasibility and benefits of grid-connected photovoltaic systems for residential buildings in Jeddah, leveraging abundant solar irradiance (6.25 kWh/m2/day). The proposed system, designed to meet 50% of daily energy demand, achieves a life cycle cost of $0.028/kWh, significantly lower than grid electricity costs. Methodological insights include sensitivity analyses and scalability for diverse residential configurations. Emerging technologies like bifacial panels and advanced energy storage are highlighted as future opportunities. By addressing practical challenges and expanding applications, this research provides a replicable framework for urban solar integration, supporting Saudi Vision 2030’s energy diversification and sustainability goals.