Leveraging advanced digital technologies for smart city development in Saudi Arabia: opportunities, challenges, and strategic pathways

Abstract Advanced digital technologies, including Urban Digital Twins (UDTs), are transformative for smart city development, offering solutions to mitigate climate change and enhance urban management. This study examines UDT integration within Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, focusing on optimizing energy consumption, improving smart grid operations, and adopting renewable energy systems. Using a literature review, case studies, and stakeholder consultations, it identifies key opportunities and challenges, including data security and infrastructure readiness. Insights from global examples contextualize UDTs' role in sustainable urban development, showcasing integration with low-carbon technologies. The study provides actionable strategies to position Saudi Arabia as a leader in resilient cities.