Calcium loaded biodegradable porous microspheres for the hemostasis of coagulopathy

The development of efficient hemostatic materials is a challenge for patients with coagulation disorders. In this study, we developed advanced biodegradable porous microspheres for the hemostasis of coagulopathy. The microspheres were fabricated using multiblock amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone-r-glycolide) (PCGA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polyurethanes (PUE). Calcium ions were loaded in the porous microspheres (CPBMs) <i>via</i> solution immersion. The microspheres possessed high porosity, uniform particle and pore sizes, and excellent biocompatibility. The CPBMs demonstrated an ultra-high water absorption capacity of 45 times and a rapid calcium ion release rate to accelerate the coagulation cascade. The CPBMs significantly promoted platelet aggregation, red blood cell adhesion and fibrin formation, and outperformed commercially available hemostatic agents. The <i>in vivo</i> studies on liver injury and tail amputation models in both healthy and coagulopathic rats revealed superior hemostasis compared to the modified starch-based powders (BT) and Yunnan Baiyao (YB) hemostatic powders.