Linguistic means of conveying meanings in English speech (using internal monologue as an example)

The article is devoted to the study of cognitive processes reflected in linguistic structures, particularly at the morphological level based on the example of the internal monologue in the novel “Two by two” by N. Sparks. The aim of this paper is to examine the reflection of the thought-cognitive process of human mind on the use of morphological categories in English. The internal monologue emerges as a result of the impact of various extra-linguistic factors (communicative purpose, emotions, evaluation of the surrounding reality, and others) on the formation of a person's thoughts. Spontaneity of speech finds linguistic expression, including through morphological categories, with the verb playing a key role in English due to its branching tense system and the peculiar use of modal verbs with different forms of the infinitive. Analysis of the linguistic material reveals that cognitive processes influence the use of non-standard structures for expressing mental activity through verb tenses that deviate from traditionally expected in certain cases. In particular, Continuous Tense forms are used to create the effect of conveying the action as if it is occurring at the moment of thought. The research also reveals that modality is often conveyed through morphological means in the internal monologue, but it is primarily subjective, thus reflecting the characteristics of the internal monologue. Expressing assumptions about events and imagining them is also common. In addition, human cognition manifests at the level of the predicate use: the research material contained examples of “softened” statements, so-called “weak negations”, which are, in fact, camouflaged assertions with a more emphatic judgment.