The Development of Political Doctrines in Central Asia (17th –19th Centuries)

In the second half of the 19th century, Central Asia faced significant socio-economic underdevelopment, with a low standard of living and strong religious influence shaping cultural and spiritual life. During this period, interest in Sufi philosophy and medieval Muslim thinkers’ works grew, reflecting a revival of intellectual and cultural heritage. This shift led to an increasing belief in human intelligence and knowledge as key forces for societal change, inspiring the emergence of the Enlightenment movement. The movement aimed to promote scientific progress, social development, and universal human values while challenging oppression and stagnation. Its rise coincided with the colonial policies of Tsarist Russia, which played a crucial role in shaping its direction and ideological foundations. Progressive intellectuals of the time sought to reform society by advocating for education and enlightenment as means to achieve liberation and modernization.