Review of subterranean termites in India: Understanding taxonomy, distribution patterns and ecological functions

A plethora of extensive studies have been conducted to explore the diversity and distribution of termites in India, revealing a rich and diverse fauna across different regions. The field of termite taxonomy in India has been significantly influenced by historical taxonomic studies dating back to the late 18th century. Recent contributions have further expanded the list of known species. This review aims to examine the taxonomy, ecological roles and distribution patterns of subterranean termites in India, focusing on the integration of morphological and molecular methods to improve species identification. However, challenges remain, such as the lack of reliable morphological characteristics and standardised sampling methods. Therefore, further research and a comprehensive national strategy for termite taxonomy in India are required. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of holistic taxonomy in resolving cryptic species, addressing taxonomic ambiguities and developing conservation strategies. Furthermore, the study emphasises the importance of sustainable pest management practices tailored to India’s diverse ecosystems. Various environmental factors, including climate, habitat preference and seasonal variation, influence the classification and distribution of termites. Holistic taxonomy has emerged as an important tool for conserving the diverse termite fauna in India by providing better insights into evolutionary relationships, which are crucial for termite management and conservation strategies.