Revolutionizing Periodontal Care: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis

This review evaluates the application of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly neural networks, in diagnosing and staging periodontal diseases through radiographic analysis. Using a systematic review of 22 studies published between 2017 and 2024, it examines various AI models, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), hybrid networks, generative adversarial networks (GANs), and transformer networks. The studies analyzed diverse datasets from panoramic, periapical, and hybrid imaging techniques, assessing diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and interpretability. CNN models like Deetal-Perio and YOLOv5 achieved high accuracy in detecting alveolar bone loss (ABL), with F1 scores up to 0.894. Hybrid networks demonstrate strength in handling complex cases, such as molars and vertical bone loss. Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including reduced performance in severe cases, limited datasets for vertical bone loss, and the need for 3D imaging integration. AI-driven tools offer transformative potential in periodontology by rivaling clinician performance, improving diagnostic consistency, and streamlining workflows. Addressing current limitations with large, diverse datasets and advanced imaging techniques will further optimize their clinical utility. AI stands poised to revolutionize periodontal care, enabling early diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and better patient outcomes.