Manufacturing X – Solutions for the Manufacturing Industry

The digitalization of industrial production (Industrie 4.0 - the comprehensive digitalization of industrial production), science, and the public sector (Government 4.0 - the digitalization of public administration and the automation of work processes in the public sector) is converging to form a Global Integrated Data Space (GIDS). The concepts of Industrie 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things require standardized technologies, trustworthy and sovereign data ecosystems with interoperable protocols for data connection, exchange, transfer, and an integrated legal framework enabling automated smart data. These requirements apply equally to science and the public sector, even if the specifications and objectives differ, e. g., concerning the FAIRification of research outputs. The concept of FAIR Digital Objects (FDOs) as specified by the FDO Forum and its flavors of practical application (e. g. RO-Crates), according to the Digital Object Architecture (DOA), can serve not only within a domain or data space but also as cross-sector, cross-discipline and cross-data-space containers using the Digital Object Interface Protocol (DOIP) as a standard exchange protocol. Drawing on the practical experience of Manufacturing-X, the article demonstrates how industry, academia, and the public sector can learn from each other about FDOs, exchange protocols, and rights, leading to joint standardization efforts.