INVESTIGATING THE EFFICACY OF HYBRID PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN DARFUR (UNAMID): TRANSITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

Background: Peacekeeping operations have evolved in response to increasing intrastate conflicts, the rise of non-state actors, and the fragility of state institutions. The hybrid United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) was established to address these challenges, combining regional and international resources for peace enforcement. Despite initial success, the resurgence of conflict in Sudan has raised concerns about the long-term effectiveness of such missions. This study examines the transition from traditional to hybrid peacekeeping models, focusing on UNAMID’s role in conflict resolution and state-building. Objective: To assess the efficacy of UNAMID in maintaining peace, facilitating governance, and protecting civilians in Darfur, while identifying key challenges and lessons for future hybrid peacekeeping operations. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed, incorporating primary and secondary data sources. Field experience, interviews with senior UNAMID officials, and a comprehensive review of UN reports and scholarly literature were analyzed. The study applied the theoretical framework of positive peace to evaluate mission effectiveness, operational challenges, and state fragility. Results: UNAMID contributed to a 40% reduction in security incidents in urban centers, facilitated the safe delivery of humanitarian aid to 60% of targeted areas, and supported the repatriation of over 50% of displaced persons. However, 30% of armed militias refused to disarm, undermining long-term stability. Logistical constraints and political interference from the host government hindered operational efficiency. The absence of a universally accepted peace accord limited conflict resolution efforts, contributing to renewed hostilities post-UNAMID withdrawal. Conclusion: The hybrid peacekeeping model demonstrated significant potential but faced structural and political challenges that limited its sustainability. Strengthening regional cooperation, ensuring host-state compliance, and integrating long-term governance strategies are crucial for future hybrid missions in fragile states.