Climate change and its impact on agronomy: Adaptation strategies for sustainable crop production

Climate change has emerged as a paramount challenge to global agricultural systems, jeopardizing food security through rising temperatures, erratic precipitation, and heightened extreme weather events. This review underscores the pivotal role of agronomy in addressing climate-induced vulnerabilities, driven by anthropogenic factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and deforestation, alongside natural influences like volcanic activity. The resultant impacts—reduced crop yields, diminished nutritional quality, and disrupted agroecosystems—demand robust adaptation strategies. Agronomic interventions, including crop diversification, climate-resilient crop varieties, conservation tillage, no-till farming, and efficient irrigation practices, offer pathways to enhance resilience. Technological innovations, particularly precision agriculture, optimize resource use and mitigate environmental impacts. Furthermore, policy and governance frameworks are critical to fostering climate-smart agriculture, enabling knowledge dissemination and sustainable practices. A cohesive approach integrating scientific research, technological advancement, and cross-sectoral policymaking is essential to fortify agricultural systems against escalating climatic uncertainties, ensuring sustainable productivity and food security in a warming world.