GC–MS/MS–based multiresidue pesticide analysis in mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae: Optimization of standard QuEChERS-based method to minimize matrix effects

Given the unsuitability of the standard quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based method for multiresidue pesticide analysis in mealworm larvae due to their complex composition and high lipid content, we established a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based procedure for the detection and quantitation of 247 pesticides in this matrix. The optimized extraction solvent (0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile) was combined with the original QuEChERS salt packet to achieve high recovery rates, and matrix-derived interferents were effectively removed without analyte loss using primary secondary amine-based dispersive solid-phase extraction (cleanup step). Acceptable linearities, high recoveries, and low detection limits were achieved for most analytes. The detection of triadimenol in 24 field samples suggested that mealworms absorb pesticides from bran, their primary feed source. The developed method is suitable for monitoring pesticide residues in mealworm larvae and similar edible insects, providing a reliable tool for regulatory bodies and relevant industries.