Machine learning-based identification of key biotic and abiotic drivers of mineral weathering rate in a complex enhanced weathering experiment

<ns3:p>Background The optimization of enhanced mineral weathering as a carbon dioxide removal technology requires a comprehensive understanding of what drives mineral weathering. These drivers can be abiotic and biotic and can interact with each other. Therefore, in this study, an extensive 8-week column experiment was set up to investigate 29 potential drivers of mineral weathering simultaneously. Methods The setup included various combinations of mineral types and surface areas, irrigation settings, biochar and organic amendments, along with various biota and biotic products such as earthworms, fungi, bacteria and enzymes; each varying in type or species and quantity. The resulting changes in dissolved, solid, and total inorganic carbon (∆TIC), and total alkalinity were calculated as indicators of carbon dioxide removal through mineral weathering. Three machine learning models, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) regression, were used to predict these indicators. Dominant drivers of the best performing model were investigated using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Results SHAP analysis revealed that each CDR indicator was influenced by different factors. However, key drivers were consistently abiotic, though biota also made a significant contribution to the predictions. The most representative CDR indicator, ∆TIC, was predominantly driven by steel slag addition and mixed mineral grain sizes but was also substantially impacted by earthworms and microbes. Conclusions These findings provide valuable insights into the complex interplay of numerous abiotic and biotic factors that affect mineral weathering, highlighting the potential of machine learning to unravel complex relationships in biogeochemical systems.</ns3:p>