Economy of a Long-Term Chalcolithic Ditched Enclosure: Analysis of the Macrolithic Tool Assemblage of Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla, Spain)

• First economic analysis of a ditched enclosure in Iberia based on the full macrolithic record from well-dated contexts. • Overview of raw materials and activities in Valencina’s NW sector, considering geology, preservation, and techno-functionality. • A diachronic approach traces economic development throughout the Chalcolithic period at the north-western part of the site. • Data suggest a stable, diversified economy focused on subsistence and regional resources rather than surplus accumulation. • Methodologically, the analysis highlights macrolithic tools' significance in interpreting past socio-economic dynamics. The Chalcolithic mega-site and ditched enclosure of Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain) has been extensively discussed regarding its functionality, funerary practices, and highly specialised crafts. However, little attention has been given to understanding its socio-economic organization, particularly within the settlement area. This study, part of a broader project investigating the northern part of this ca. 200 ha large settlement, employed a diachronic, techno-functional approach to analyse 635 macrolithic tools with the aim to discern tasks performed within habitation structures, raw material usage, and potential changes across the Chalcolithic period (3300–2200 cal BCE). The analysis reveals patterns of a stable economy centred around daily subsistence activities and local resources, suggesting a diversified household-based economy rather than one focused on surplus accumulation. This approach challenges previous interpretations and provides evidence supporting Valencina’s characterization as a highly complex settlement and funerary site.