Key Drivers of User Engagement in Game-Based Metaverses: Enjoyment, Escapism, Reward, and Spontaneity

Abstract This study delves into the burgeoning field of game-based metaverses, aiming to unravel the factors that influence user satisfaction and engagement in these digital environments. Grounded in Uses and Gratifications Theory and Flow Theory, this study explains how user motivations—perceived enjoyment, escapism, reward, and spontaneity—contribute to immersive experiences, ultimately influencing satisfaction and continuance. sustained interaction. Employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), this research analyzes responses from 160 users of various game-based metaverses. Findings reveal that perceived enjoyment significantly enhances the flow experience, a key contributor to user satisfaction and the intention to continue using the platform. Contrary to common belief, rewards showed a minimal impact on the flow experience. Additionally, spontaneity emerged as an important factor in facilitating flow. These results underscore the importance of focusing on intrinsic factors like enjoyment and spontaneity over extrinsic rewards to foster user engagement. The study suggests user-centric design principles that prioritize immersive experiences.