A critical analysis of the utilization of fossil fuels by the maritime sector concerning the decarbonization process

The shipping industry, heavily reliant on fossil fuels, is at a critical juncture. Hydrocarbon-based oils currently power the majority of vessels, but their combustion releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, exacerbating global warming and climate change. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination and evaluation of the use of fossil fuels in this context, with a particular focus on the urgent and pressing need for decarbonization. It considers the use of low-sulfur heavy fuel oil (LSHFO), heavy fuel oil (HFO), marine diesel oil (MDO), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as bridge fuels. It explores methanol and bioethanol as potential alternatives. The objective is to identify immediate and effective solutions to shipping decarbonization.