Differentiating between Hierarchical and Flat Communities

As data proliferate in the form of pairwise interactions or networks-from social media exchanges and physical infrastructures, like railways and the internet, to biological systems-extracting meaningful insights remains a significant challenge. Community detection is a pivotal task in this regard, viewing networks as groups of nodes. Importantly, community structures can exhibit hierarchical organization, and identifying such hierarchies, known as Hierarchical Community Detection (HCD), is essential.