The Miocene seal <i>Monachopsis pontica</i> : isolated in a shrinking sea and adapting to its changing conditions

More than 170 years have passed since the description of the dwarf Miocene seal <i>Monachopsis pontica</i>. However, its cranial materials were rarely found and described. This paper re-describes <i>M. pontica</i> and discusses its ecological adaptations. <i>M. pontica</i> is among the latest seals that survived in the epicontinental sea Eastern Paratethys during the Khersonian biotic crisis. Newly examined materials from Ukraine, being exceptional in their completeness, show previously unknown traits of its morphology, unique among subfamily Phocinae. <i>M. pontica</i> is distinguished by its small body size (85-105 cm long), long snout and long deltoid crest of the humerus. Dental morphology shows that <i>M. pontica</i> was using raptorial methods of catching prey. However, the pattern of tooth wear also indicates suction feeding. The unusually small body size could be interpreted as a result of the decreasing size of the basin and the absence of predators. High crests on limb bones show evidence of the development of musculature driven by pachyosclerosis of the skeleton. Phylogenetic analysis placed <i>M. pontica</i> at the base of the crown Phocinae, crownward to the most known Miocene seals.