Multifamily Nanozymes for Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Marine Antifouling

Marine pollution poses a serious threat to the ecological environment, destroys habitats, reduces biodiversity, and negatively impacts fisheries and human health. Therefore, development of efficient marine antifouling strategies is of great significance. This study introduces manganese selenide nanoflowers (MnSe NFs) as multifamily nanozymes, exhibiting phosphoesterase-, oxidase-, and peroxidase-like activities. The catalytic mechanism of this multifamily nanozyme was elucidated using density functional theory calculations and spectroscopic analyses. Laboratory tests demonstrated that MnSe NFs exhibit strong antifouling efficacy against biofilms formed by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, achieving an antibacterial rate exceeding 99.999%. In marine antifouling scenarios, ship hulls coated with MnSe NF-based paints significantly inhibited biofilm formation for over 90 days, offering advantages in environmental friendliness, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. This study provides a novel approach for controlling marine biofilms and highlights the potential of multifamily nanozymes as a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for antifouling technologies.