Drought management for long-term water sustainability and resilience

Context The global water crisis is driven by human overconsumption, depleting resources faster than they can regenerate. This threatens ecosystems and exacerbates drought-related water shortages, which may escalate into international conflicts if not properly managed. Aims This study assesses the effectiveness of drought indices in evaluating and managing droughts to determine their role in developing mitigation plans against water scarcity. It also highlights strategies to reduce drought risks and prevent future droughts through proactive approaches. Methods Drought indices measure severity and frequency in various regions to identify patterns of water availability in the most drought-prone areas. In addition to the discussed drought indices, traditional and innovative risk management strategies for drought mitigation will be analysed, particularly focusing on the most vulnerable areas. Key results Communities and mankind are becoming more exposed to meteorological disasters ranging from droughts to flooding attributed to minimal or excess rain. Analysis of multi-dimensional aspects of droughts can lead to better understanding of how human activities, such as mining and deforestation, increase this natural occurrence. By applying this knowledge, we can avoid practices that overheighten the effects of dry weather conditions. The growing human population means new approaches are necessary for food sustainability and water security that balance with environmental protection and natural resource conservation. Conclusion The study concludes that large-scale engineering projects for drought relief may harm ecosystems and agricultural land, advocating for sustainable, eco-friendly solutions. It emphasises the need for improved water management and conservation efforts, prioritising natural water replenishment over artificial interventions. Implications The findings advocate for sustainable, nature-based water management to reduce ecological damage, enhance long-term resilience, and emphasise global cooperation to prevent conflicts, linking drought management with ecosystem sustainability.